Diabetes is a characteristic metabolic disorder by an increase in blood sugar.
The disease occurs as a result of defects in insulin production, a defect in the activity of insulin or both of these factors. In addition to increasing blood sugar levels, the disease is manifested by releasing sugar in urine, abundant urination, thirst, fat disorders, proteins and mineral metabolism and the development of complications.
TypeType 1 diabetes (autoimmune, idiopathic): Destroy the beta cells of the pancreas, producing insulin.
Type 2 diabetes - with the dominant insensitivity of tissues for insulin or a dominant defect in the production of insulin with or without insensitivity.
Pregnancy diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
Other types:
Genetic defects;
Diabetes caused by drugs and other chemicals;
Diabetes caused by infection;
Pancreatitis, trauma, pancreatic removal, Acromegaly, Izenko - Kushinka, Thyrotoxicosis and others.
Serious levelEasy present: No complications.
Average level: There is damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves.
Serious flow: The long complications of diabetes.
Symptoms of diabetesThe main symptoms of the disease include manifestations such as:
Go to urinate rich and increase thirst;
Increase appetite;
General weaknesses;
Skin lesions (for example, lymphatic disease), vaginal and urinary tract are especially observed in patients who are not infected by emerging immunodeficiency;
The faintness of the vision is due to changes in the vehicle.
Type 1 diabetes usually starts from a young age.
Type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed in people over 35 years old.
Diagnosis of diabetesDiagnosis is based on blood and urine tests.
For diagnosis, blood glucose concentration is determined (an important case is to identify the level of sugar increase and on other days).
The analysis results are normal (in the absence of diabetes)When hungry or 2 hours after checking:
Venous blood - 3, 3 row 5, 5 mmol/l;
Capillary blood - 3, 3 rows 5, 5 mmol/l;
Venous plasma plasma - 4 matches 6. 1 mmol/l.
Analysis leads to the presence of diabetesWhen hungry:
Venous blood more than 6, 1 mmol/l;
capillary blood is over 6, 1 mmol/l;
Venous plasma is more than 7, 0 mmol/l.
At any time of the day, regardless of meal time:
Venous blood more than 10 mmol/l;
capillary blood is more than 11, 1 mmol/l;
Venous plasma is more than 11, 1 mmol/l.
Glycated blood hemoglobin level in diabetes exceeds 6, 7, 7, 5 %.
The content of C-Peptide allows you to evaluate the function of the beta cells. In patients with type 1 diabetes, this level usually decreases, in patients with type 2 diabetes - usually or increased, in patients with insulinoma disease - increasing sharply.
The immune insulin concentration is reduced with type 1, usually or increased by type 2.
The determination of blood glucose concentration to diagnose diabetes is not done based on the foundation of acute diseases, trauma or surgical intervention, compared to the platform of the use of short -term drugs, increasing blood glucose levels (adrenal gland hormone, thyroid hormone, patient.
Glucose in urine in diabetes only appears after exceeding the kidney threshold (about 180 mg % 9, 9 mmol/l). Significant fluctuations in the threshold and the trend of increasing age are characteristic; Therefore, the definition of glucose in the urine is considered an unsure and unreliable test. The test plays the role of an overall reference for the presence or absence of significant increase in the blood glucose and in some cases used to observe daily about the dynamics of the disease.
Treatment of diabetesAppropriate physical and nutrient activity in treatmentIn a significant part of diabetes patients, observing the recommendations of diet and achieving significant reduction of body weight 5-10 % of blood sugar indicators, improved according to standards. One of the main conditions is the regularity of physical efforts (for example, walking daily 30 minutes, swimming 1 hour 3 times a week). With blood glucose concentration in>13 131515 mmol/l, physical activity is not recommended.
With light and moderate physical efforts for no more than 1 hour, the use of additional carbohydrates is before and after loading (15 g of easy -to -digesting carbohydrates every 40 minutes). With moderate physical efforts lasting more than 1 hour and intensive sports, it is necessary to reduce 20-50 % of insulin doses, operate during and in the next 6 hours after physical activity.
Diet in the treatment of diabetes (Table 9) for the purpose of normal metabolism of carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.
Treated with insulin preparationsInsulin preparations to treat diabetes are divided into 4 types, over time of action:
Extremely -Koro (starting action -After 15 minutes, the time of action is 3-4 hours).
Quick action (starting action - after 30 minutes. - 1 hour; Action time 6-8 hours).
The average time of action (starting action is after 1 hour 2, 5 hours, the time of action is 14 hours 2020).
Long action (starting action is after 4 hours; the action time is up to 28 hours).
Insulin's appointment regimes are strict and selected for each patient with a doctor or hormonal doctor.
Introduction method insulinWhen insulin is introduced at the injection site, it is necessary to form a skin fold for the needle to go under the skin, and do not enter the muscle tissue. The skin folds must be wide, the needle should enter the skin at an angle of 45 ° if the thickness of the skin fold is smaller than the length of the needle.
When choosing a place to inject, avoid compressed skin areas. The injection place cannot change the system. Do not inject under the shoulder.
Short insulin preparations must be used on the subcutaneous fat of the anterior wall of the abdomen 20-30 minutes before eating.
Long insulin preparations are inserted into the skin of the thighs or buttocks.
Ultrasound insulin injection is done immediately before eating, and if necessary, during or immediately after eating.
Heat and physical activity increases the absorption of insulin, and colds down it.
